Change Management Essays

Change Management Essays Change Management Paper Change Management Paper Unit: 9740 Change Management Table of contents Introduction p3 1. 0 Description of 2 schools of thought 1. Theories of planned change p3 2. Lewin’s change model p3 3. The positive model p4 2. 0 Comparison of each school p5 3. 0 Drive or impede planned change and reactive change p6 Conclusion p7 Reference List p8 Introduction In this report, there are two models; Lewin’s Change model and the positive model. The case for these models is SAMSUNG Company. Firstly, this essay starts with description of two schools of thought and each step of two models. Secondly, there will be comparison between Lewin’s Change model and the positive model adapt with the case. Finally, drive or impede planned change and reactive change are demonstrated. 0. Description of 2 schools of thought 1. Theories of planned change Conceptions of planned change have tended to focus on how change can be implemented in organizations. Called â€Å"theories of changing. † These frameworks describe the activities that must take place to initiate and carry out successful organizational change. In this section, we describe and compare two theories of changing: Lewin’s change model, the action research model, an the positive model. These frameworks have received widespread attention in OD and serve as the primary basis for a general model of planned change. (Cummings, 2005) 2. Lewin’s change model One of the earliest models of planned change was provided by Kurt Lewin. The level of performance of a work group might be stable because group norms maintaining that level are equivalent to the supervisor’s pressures for change to higher levels. This level can be increased either by changing the group norms to support higher levels of performance or by increasing supervisor pressures to produce at higher levels. Lewin suggested that decreasing those forces maintaining the status quo produces less tension and resistance than increasing forces for change and consequently is a more effective change strategy. Cummings, 2005), (Palyong. S, 2011) Unfreezing: This step usually involves reducing those forces maintain the organization’s behaviour at its present level. Unfreezing is sometimes accomplished through a process of â€Å"psychological disconfirmation. † By introducing information that shows discrepancies between behaviours desired by organization members and t hose behaviours currently exhibited, members can be motivated to engage in change activities. (Cummings, 2005), (Palyong. S, 2011) Moving (Transition): This step shifts the behaviour of the organization, department, or individual to a new level. It involves intervening in the system to develop new behaviours, values, and attitudes through changes in organizational structures and processes. (Cummings, 2005), (Palyong. S, 2011) Refreezing: This step stabilizes the organization at a new state of equilibrium. It is frequently accomplished through the use of supporting mechanisms that reinforce the new organizational state, such as organizational culture, rewards, and structures. (Cummings, 2005), (Palyong. S, 2011) 3. The positive model The positive model represents an important departure from Lewin’s model. This model focuses on what the organization is doing right. It helps members understand their organization when it is working at its best and builds off those capabilities to achieve even better results. Thus, positive expectations about the organization can create an anticipation that energizes and directs behaviour toward making those beliefs happen. (Cummings, 2005)  ¦ Initiate the Inquiry: This first phase determines the subject of change. It emphasizes member involvement to identify the organizational issue they have the most energy to address. If the focus of inquiry is real and vital to organization members, the change process itself will take on these positive attributes. Cummings, 2005)  ¦ Inquire into Best Practices: This phase involves gathering information about the â€Å"best of what is† in the organization. If the topic is organizational innovation, then members help to develop and interview protocol that collects stories of new ideas that were develop an interview protocol that collects stories of new ideas that were developed and implemented in the organization. (Cummings, 2005)  ¦ Discover the Themes: In this phase, members examine the stories, both large and small, to identify a set of themes representing the common dimensions of people’s experiences. The themes represent the basis for moving from â€Å"What is† to â€Å"What could be† (Cummings, 2005)  ¦ Envision a Preferred Future: Members then examine the identified themes, challenge the status quo, and describe a compelling future. Based on the organization’s successful past, Members collectively visualize the organization’s future and develop â€Å"possibility propositions’-statements that bridge the organization’s current best practices with ideal possibilities for future organizing. (Cummings, 2005) Design and Deliver Ways to Create the Future: The final phase involves the design and delivery of ways to create the future. It describes the activities and creates the plans necessary to bring about the vision. It proceeds to action and assessment phases similar to those of action research described previously. Members make changes, assess the results, make necessary adjustments, and so on as they move the organization toward the vis ion and sustain â€Å"What will be. † The process is continued by renewing the conversations about the best of what is. Cummings, 2005) 2. 0 Comparison of each school |Area of change |Lewin’s change model |The positive model | |Technological change |SAMSUNG CEO figured out that the |SAMSUNG Company organizes the | | |company needs new product to compete|meeting for staff to discuss about | | |with I-phone 4 from APPLE Company.. necessity of developing new software| | |SAMSUNG Company forces to develop |for new product. It is a step of | | |new software to staff for Galaxy S |Inquire into Best Practices. | | |4G which takes aim to I-Phone 4. It | | | |is a step of unfreeze. | |Structural change |New members, new team and post for |SAMSUNG Company CEO organizes the | | |developing new software must be |meeting to choose the staffs for | | |created in SAMSUNG Company. It helps|creating new team and post for | | |member to facilitate to develop new |developing Galaxy S 4G. It is a step| | |software. It is a step of |of Initiate the Inquiry. | | |transition. | | |People change | | | | |SAUMSUNG Company staffs have to |SAMSUNG Company staffs understand | | |figure out new ideas to develop new |necessity of developing new software| |Self |software. |for Galaxy S 4G. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Team | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Organisation | | | | | | | | | |SAMSUNG Company staff members can | | |New teams have to gather their ideas|gather information about development| | |together and figure out which idea |of Galaxy S 4G in the organization. | | |is the best for new software. |It is a step of Discover the Themes. | |SAMSUNG Company changes their output|When SAMSUNG Company CEO consider | | |schedule, because of production of |about change of output schedule, | | |Galaxy 4G. Then, there would be |the staff members will be provided | | |change in the organisation of the |meeting again and discuss about | | |company. |which way is the best. It means, | | | |staff members will figure out the | | | |way of change themselves. | (SAMSUNG, n. d) 3. 0 Drive or impede planned change and reactive change Schools of thought |Planned change |Reactive change | | |Drive |Impede |Drive |Impede | | |Transition (Moving) |There is no time to |Unfreezing stage helps |Refreezing stage | | |stage encourage member|adopt new change for |to reduce time. So, it |ensures that there is| | |to follow the change. |staff members in |is helpful when the |no way back to | | |Using facilitation |unfreezing stage. |company needs change |previous ways of | | |helps members too. |Staff members cannot |suddenly. Transition |working. It will not | |Lewin’s change model |Refreeze stage also |be given any option, |(Moving) stage helps |flexible device if | | |helps staffs to be |but to obey. Staffs |members to follow |the change goes | | |satisfied about their |may be unable to bear|change. When pressure of|different way from | | |change. |a burden. |company become hardly, |expected way. | | | | |staff members need to | | | | | |facilitation to helps | | | | | |member. | | |Initiate the Inquiry, |In the Discover the |Inquire into Best |Totally, this model | | |Inquire into Best |Themes phase, members|Practices stages can |takes too long time | | |Practices and Envision|examine the stories |gather information. |to make staff act. | | |a Preferred Future |to identify a set of |Then, members help to |There are too many | | |helps staff members |themes representing |develop an interview |discuss among the | | |understand and adapt |the common dimensions|each other and tell |staffs. Also, it is | | |into the chan ge. They |of people’s |stories of innovation in|not easy to gather | | |can be given choice, |experiences. It is |which they have |all of staff’s | | |communicate each of |not so important |personally been |opinion. So, it is | | |members and shown good|stage, because it is |involved. In this stage,|not suitable for | | |team work. Also, they |similar stage with |staff members can create|sudden or immediate | | |can act after |second; Inquire into |huge idea from each |change. Initiate the | | |understanding and |Best Practices. The |small idea. In Design |Inquiry, Discover the| | |deciding their way to |final step; Design |and Deliver Ways to |Themes and Envision a| |The positive model |act. Moreover, staff |and Deliver Ways to |Create the Future stage,|Preferred Future | | |members are able to |Create the Future |members make changes, |stage could be left | | |create unique idea |also describes the |assess the result, make |out. | | |together. |activities and |necessary adjustments, | | | | |creates the plans |and so on as they move | | | | |necessary to bring |the organization toward | | | | |about the vision ,but|the vision. It helps | | | | |it s not big |members to continue | | | | |different from fourth|conversation about the | | | | |stage; Envision a |best of what is. | | | | |Preferred Future. So,| | | | | |it could be left out | | | | | |to reduce time to | | | | | |practice. | | | (Cummings,2005),( Palyong. S,2011) Conclusion There were two different styles of schools of thought in this essay. As shown in this essay, Lewin’s model differ from the positive model in terms of the level of involvement of the participants and the focus of the change. Lewin’s model focuses on the general process of planned change. SAMSUNG Company externally seems to follow the Lewin’s model as a change model, but it was also able to figure out the strategy in the positive model. In conclusion, SAMSUNG Company flexibly follows two models. Reference List 1. Cummings, T. G Worley, C. G. (2005). Organization Development and Change, 8th ed. Ohio: South-Western p9 2. Cummings, T. G Worley, C. G. (2005). Organization Development and Change, 8th ed. Ohio: South-Western p12 3. Palyong, S. (2011. October 12). Original solving the problem practice of alternative and change management. Retrieved November 4, 2011, from http://blog. daum. net/songpy80/6045890 4. SAMSUNG . (n. d). New business of SAMSUNG Company. Retrieved November 4, 2011, from samsung. co. kr/samsung/philosophy/new. do 5. SAMSUNG . (n. d). Philosophy of SAMSUNG Company. Retrieved November 4, 2011, from samsung. co. kr/samsung/philosophy/principle. do 6. SAMSUNG. (n. d). The history of SAMSUNG Company. Retrieved November 4, 2011, from samsung. co. kr/samsung/history. do

Pain management in nursing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Pain management in nursing - Research Paper Example Luckily, quite a lot of studies and print and electronic literatures cover the subject of pain management. In many occasions, literatures define pain management as composed of medical practitioners, occupational therapists, clinical nurse specialists, clinical psychologists, physiotherapists, and nurse practitioners (Gordon et al., 2005). When need arises, other practitioners such as massage specialists and psychiatrists may be incorporated in pain management practices, especially in cases of non-physical pain. Pain healing process is sometimes rather quick, once the underlying disease or trauma has been healed. This kind of pain management requires mostly one physician to deal with completely, using drugs such as analgesics (Gordon et al., 2005). On the other hand, proper management of long-term pain will require a dedicated team of physicians from a wide range of specializations to manage effectively. Medicine is concerned with the treatment of sickness and injury to enhance speedy heeling, and also treats upsetting symptoms like pain to alleviate suffering during the recovery process. In cases where a painful injury fails to heal quickly, or when the pain persists even after the injury or sickness has healed, or when the cause of the pain cannot be ascertained, the task of medicine is to relieve the pain (Gordon et al., 2005). Clinical Trials of Pain Management and Studies of Pain Mechanisms are some of the avenues by which pain management has achieved considerable growth and development in recent times. For instance clinical trials by the World Health Organization (WHO), institutions such as the National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and pharmaceuticals such as GSK Pharmaceutical. For example, the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke did a pilot trial of intravenous pamidronate for chronic low back pain while a GSK Pharmaceutical sponsored a randomized randomized, double-blind, placebo-contr olled, crossover pilot trial of lamotrigine for central pain due to multiple sclerosis: a model for the role of lamotrigine in the treatment of central pain. Investigator initiated grant. This paper investigates the available and accessible studies and print and electronic literatures on pain management in nursing with a view to finding the current pain management methods in use, their effectiveness, and chance for improvement if any. Further, the relevance of these literatures and any gaps and other weaknesses will be explored. Literature Review on Approaches to Pain Management in Nursing The reviewed literatures revealed that quite a number of approaches to pain management in nursing have been in use for a very log time. These techniques include; the use of physical therapy, antidepressants, analgesics, anticonvulsants, physical exercise, psychological measures like biofeedback, application of heat or ice, and in some cases, cognitive behavioral therapy (World Health Organization, 2013). Pain management in nursing can also be attained by the use of drugs or through interventional means. The interventional methods available are commonly used to cure chronic back pain. Examples of these intervention procedures are injection of facet joints, the use of spinal cord stimulators, and use of epidural steroid injections. As stated earlier, pain management may sometimes involve physicians from

The Nature of War and US Security Policy in the Aftermath of the Cold Essay

The Nature of War and US Security Policy in the Aftermath of the Cold War - Essay Example According to the research findings, it can, therefore, be said that as one of the most significant conflicts in modern human history, the Cold War was marked by high expectations of conflict and violence, as well as continuous detailed planning and mobilization for war by the USSR, the US, and their respective allies. Over the course of the Cold War, hegemonic relations and alliances around the US and the USSR incorporated most of the free world with both countries occupying opposite and confrontational positions on most international issues. As a result, countries in the sphere of each hegemon were always in a state of military readiness and the risk of war was ever-present. Indeed, the most bloody post-WWII wars were fought by proxies of the USSR and the US, including the Korean War and the Vietnam War. With the end of the Cold War in 1991, however, global conflicts did not decline and, in fact, there were over 115 violent conflicts reported in the first ten years of the post-Cold War period. Gray states that while some aspects of war have changed since the end of the Cold War, the objective nature of war has remained unchanged even as the subjective nature of war has changed. Deutsch also notes that war has not dissipated with the fall of the Soviet Union, but has only changed in terms of strategy and symmetry. This paper aims to show that the end of the Cold War altered the security policy of the US by replacing a conventional military adversary with a more mobile and asymmetrical adversary. Newman broadly defines the Cold War as the relationship that developed between the USSR and the US following their joint triumph against Nazi Germany in WWII. The unique nature of this relationship came to dominate international affairs for almost five decades and led to several major crises like the Hungarian revolution, the Vietnam War, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the Korean War, and the Soviet-Afghan War. Possibly the tensest issue was the proliferation of nuclear weap ons and other weapons of mass destruction in preparation for eventual war.

Public communication Ethics Case studies Essay Example for Free

Public communication Ethics Case studies Essay The International Smart Tan is a global synergetic consortium that has been committed to promoting as well as researching on responsible skin care for people who develop sunburns and tans. It teaches on methods of minimizing the risks that are associated with too little or too much sunlight (Tanning, 2008). Ultra Violet Radiation has been widely recognized as being carcinogenic thus causing various types of skin cancer. Exposure during the early years during adolescence and childhood are crucial as far as risks of skin cancers are concerned. Traditionally the major source of UVR exposures in the tanning purposes have been rays from the sun though tanning equipments have now represented amplified importance to sources of exposure mostly to the young adults and adolescents. This exposure amplifies the risks of melanoma. Most of the suns scare activists profit through marketing the distorted sun abstinence message to the public. Therefore grassroots health is the main organization that is fully committed in offering education on Vitamin D through launching a global public health campaign in order to solve the epidemic of Vitamin D deficiency. Therefore it is imperative to discuss how potter’s model is applicable in this case study, the ethical theories behind it and how I would communicate my position as far as the case study is concerned. Constant changes in the public health and the society have forced most health professionals to engage into some new roles and develop new competencies. Public health practitioners ought to be trained in order to respond to such challenges. Porter’s model of pure competition implies on the fact that the risks rates ought to be constant across industries and firms (Strategic management, 2010). His framework model assumes that industries are usually influenced by some forces. These forces are rivalry, threat of substitutes, buyer power, supplier power and threat of entry. Smart Tanning in order to pursue some advantage over its rivals had to improve on their communication strategies. They emphasized on the importance of vitamin D and its sufficient risks. They also exploited relationships with the other counterparts like the public health practitioners. As far as the buyer power is concerned, the relationship that the public have with Smart Tanning is amplifying and almost to monopsony level. Also there is a concept of supplier power as Smart tanning has some relationships with the hospitals thus suppliers are concentrated. They also face barriers because of government regulations that prompt them to offer the right information in order to uplift right health communication on causes of skin cancers and how effectively it can be solved. Strategy in Smart Tanning can be formulated on business, functional and corporate level. The business level is the major context as far as industry rivalry is concerned thus focus, differentiation and cost leadership ought to be implemented in order to create a competitive advantage. The generic strategies will help Smart Tanning to leverage its main strengths and defend on the serious effects of the forces. Some of the ethical theories that can be applied are the moral theory, utilitarian, virtue theories and others. Smart tanning has applied the utilitarian theory as it has focused on making everybody concerned and mostly the consumers happy. It has demonstrated that they have high standards when it comes to consumer education, employee training as well as the public welfare against fighting skin cancer. The moral and virtue theory has been used on the grounds that the tanning association has come with moral strategies to make sure that the public is not affected but rather are being helped. It has amplified the comprehension of professional tanning that moderates ultra-violet exposures from outdoor and indoor tanning that does recognize the manageable risks as well as benefits that are associated with the ultraviolet exposures of the light. The other is rational theory as tanning industry is quite effective on teaching about the prevention of sunburn than those who are after promoting sun avoidance. My personal take on this case study is that tanning industry is imperative as it will help in reducing skin cancers. However, there is loss of perspective that there are other psychological and physiological benefits that are also associated with sunlight that needs more research and the fact that most risks bare manageable for all people who have got the aptitude of developing a tan and for most people benefits of sun exposure do outweigh most risks that are associated with being overexposed. Also to a large extent it is crucial as smart tanning means comprehending both risks and benefits of sunlight. B. Right to Know vs. Personal Privacy (Ch. 5, Case 19, the Controversial Patriot Act) Tensions between public information and personal privacy will undoubtedly never ebb. Privacy issues do revolve on the conflict between the right of the public to know about something and the citizens’ right to keep the information to themselves (Joseph. , Robert Lucinda, 2008, pp. 121). It is therefore crucial to give limelight to some of the controversies that emerged in the Patriot Act which most address on information sharing. The Patriot Act was initially designed in order to enhance the investigations on federal anti-terrorism. However, the opponents of the senate asserted that the changes in the Act have failed to sufficiently address on the concerns of civil liberties with the raise of provisions. Section 203 (b and d) allows for information from the criminals to be shared with the intelligence agents as well as other government’s bodies (NPR, 2010). However, the major controversy is that most critics believe that the unrestricted sharing might lead to development of intense databases on citizens who are not the main targets of crime. The supporters however assert that the provisions will enhance sharing of information within the intelligence community as well as the FBI. Section 206 (NPR, 2010) allows for the wire tap authorization in order to cover many devices and eliminates the need for court authorizations to a suspect’s PC, cell phone as well as blackberry. The critics affirm that the language in the Act might lead to violations of privacy to anybody who might come into contact with a suspect. On the other hand, the government asserts that roving wiretaps are needed in order to deal with the sophisticated technological terrorists. Section 215 allows for easy access of business records (NPR, 2010). However, the critics attack this provision saying that the law can be used to order for reading records of bookstore patrons or library. On the other hand, the supporters allege that the provision will allow the investigators in obtaining documents that are connected to terror. Section (213) allows for the sneak and peek warrants where critics aver that the provision allows for search even for minor crimes apart from the espionage and terror crimes. The supporters assert that this provision allows investigators to search houses of criminals. Porter’s five competitive forces model are to a large extent applicable in this case study. As far as entry of competitors is concerned, it is very difficult for the government to implement on the provisions and receive full support with the major controversies that are emerging in the sections of the provisions. The critics will easily continue to criticize the provisions as long as there are questionable loopholes that raise concerns on mistakes, misuse and invasion of privacy. The Patriot Act is also under threat of being substituted or implemented to another that fits every citizen if it not properly defined by the government. The bargaining power of the buyers who are public in this case is quite strong and it will be difficult for them to work together unless the provisions are changed to adapt to everybody’s preference and for the good of all. There is a strong competition and argument between the government supporters and the critics because of the barriers created by critics. One of the ethical theories that are in relation to this is the utilitarian theory which seeks the happiness of the majority. The provisions should be implemented in a way that suit everybody and brings happiness to the majority if not to all people. The controversial issues are immense as they touch on privacy concept that ought to be reinforced and respected. The other is consequentialist or teleological theory that views on what ought to be done determined by the consequences. The government should analyze on some of the effects of these provisions. The other is moral duty. Any act of rule is proper as long as it satisfies all the demands of the overriding or non consequentialist principles of morality. The deontology theory also stresses that any value of any action does lie in motives instead of the consequences. All these theories do apply the issue as the government should aim at maximizing happiness, acting morally, focus on the consequences of the actions as well as make their motives known to the public to create acceptance. As far as am concerned, under the guise of the Patriot Act and in the name of defending freedom and fighting terrorism, The Act is doing neither. It is suppressing the rights of the Americans to dissent as it gives the government power to go ahead and conduct some secret trials as well as executions. For all who seek in preserving the democracy in USA, it is vital to consider all people rationally. Defense on democracy starts at home and there ought to be realization of democracy and freedom which the Act is quite antithetical to all. Since the inception of the Act, it has been shrouded with controversies and it is fair to have a clear and closer look to the consequences of the Act. This is an Act that will abuse access of private information as no one is in a position to define what suspicious behavior constitutes. The Act is a mere unpatriotic way of limiting the civil rights, infringing on the free communication or speech, interfering with freedom and infringing the citizen’s privacy rights. C. Media Interests vs. Community Interests; Ch. 9, Case 39, Gatekeepers II: Opening the Door) The broad concept of public interest is quite familiar to most people and is usually considered as defense from media intrusion of people’s privacy under certain circumstances. Most things constitute the public interest in a vulnerable rather than what can be deemed as strong sense. Where something or an information might be seen to affect only one person, it might be in public interest incase the effect usually involves other principles that will have adverse effect on the population for example the abuse of power or a grave crime. The media do try to maximize and equalize their audiences thus livening stories which would in the long run overstep the regulation guidelines. It is therefore imperative to give some facts about Gate Keeper’s II: opening the door is concerned. This is a story about a protest and the Horowitz advertisement. It offers background on Horowitz advertisement and his main idea of running the advertisement in the college newspapers. It offers critically friendly view on the purpose of the advertisement. Horowitz happens to be a neoconservative journalist who attempted to go ahead and publish an advertisement entitled â€Å"ten reasons why reparations for slavery are a bad idea for black people and racist too†. Most college newspapers like Columbia and Harvard rejected the advertisement since the editors thought it was racist and offensive. The newspapers pointed out on the fact that they were not in any position to accept all advertisers who are in a position to buy an advertisement. Few newspapers ran the advertisement and only the University of Chicago ran the advertisement without much hostility (Anthony, 2001). Most people view the rejection of the advertisement as evidence of a politically correct censorship in the American campuses but others have aired concerns on freedom of expression in USA. Some of the ethical theories that Horowitz should have focused on are virtue and moral theories that entails of behaving ethically without attacking any race. He should have also focused on utilitarianism theory to make sure he writes something that will bring maximum happiness to the majority. In my view, the Horowitz argument and essay was quite offensive to some extent. This is not because it was racist but he doesn’t deny on the fact that slavery did occur or Africans who were enslaved were seriously wronged. He attempts to set an argument purportedly ascertain on which groups did benefit from the slavery and how they did. He contends that Blacks benefited from the slavery. His arguments are to a certain extent offensive as his contention that the blacks benefited from slavery reduces the slavery wrongs. Also the argument that the blacks would be better in America than they would be in Africa sounds almost like justifying the brutal kidnappings on grounds the victim’s children might end up in countries with high living standard. References Indoor tanning: Smart tan. 2008. Retrieved 23, Aug 2010 http://www. tanningtruth. com/index. php/indoor_tanning/ Porter’s five forces. 2010. Strategic management. Retrieved 23, Aug, 2010 http://www. quickmba. com/strategy/porter. shtml Sebok, Anthony. 2001. The Horowitz slavery AD controversy, and the problem with conceptualizing human rights violations as property based. Retrieved 23, Aug, 2010 http://writ. news. findlaw. com/sebok/20010326. html Straubhaar, Joseph. , LaRose, Robert Davenport, Lucinda. 2008. Media now: Understanding media, culture and technology. USA: Cengage Learning The Patriot Act : Key controversies. 2010. Retrieved, 23, Aug 2010 http://www. npr. org/news/specials/patriotact/patriotactdeal. html

Hemophilia Essay -- essays research papers fc

Hemophilia is the oldest known hereditary bleeding disorder. There are two types of hemophilia, A and B (Christmas Disease). Low levels or complete absence of a blood protein essential for clotting causes both. Patients with hemophilia A lack the blood clotting protein, factor VIII, and those with hemophilia B lack factor IX. A person with severe hemophilia has less than 1% of the normal amount of a clotting factor - either Factor VIII (8) or Factor IX (9). People without hemophilia have between 50-150% of the normal level of factor VIII or IX. There are about 20,000 hemophilia patients in the United States. Each year, about 400 babies are born with this disorder. Approximately 85% have hemophilia A and the remainder has hemophilia B. The severity of hemophilia is related to the amount of the clotting factor in the blood. About 70% of hemophilia patients have less than one percent of the normal amount and, thus, have severe hemophilia. A small increase in the blood level of the clotting factor, up to five percent of normal, results in mild hemophilia with rare bleeding except after injuries or surgery. This is not a problem when a person with hemophilia has a simple cut or scrape. He doesn’t bleed any faster than the average person. He can hold pressure on the cut and platelets in the blood will stop the bleeding. The problem for people with hemophilia is bleeding inside the body, especially bleeding into joints like the knees, elbows, and ankles. When bleeding happens inside the joint, it becomes very swollen and painful. Repeated bleeding into a joint can cause a type of crippling arthritis. Bleeding inside other parts of the body, such as the brain, throat, and abdomen can be life-threatening. A person with mild hemophilia may only have problems with bleeding when he has surgery, major dental work, or a severe injury. A person with moderate hemophilia will have those problems plus bleeding problems with more minor injuries such as a hard bump to the knee. A person with severe hemophilia can have what are called spontaneous bleeds - bleeding that starts inside the body for no known reason. Hemophilia is classified as mild, moderate or severe, depending on the amount of clotting factor a person has in his body. Severe hemophilia is actually the most common form. People with hemophilia are born with the disorder and have it all of their lives. You can't ca... ...ed HIV. Factor VIII gene is characterized and cloned. 1985 Viral-inactivated factor concentrates become available. ELISA and Western Blot Test are developed to test antibodies for HIV. 1989 Hepatitis C virus, previously called non-A, non-B, is identified. 1991 Testing for hepatitis C is introduced. 1992 First recombinant factor VIII products become available. 1995 First case of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, the human form of Mad Cow disease, is identified in the U.K. 1997 First recombinant factor IX products become available. 1998 Gene therapy trials on humans begin. Effective treatment for hemophilia is available, but as yet there is no cure. Bleeding can be treated with an injection of clotting factor that is made from blood or biotechnological ingredients called recombinants. Bleeding stops when enough clotting factor reaches the affected area. Works Cited I.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Principles Of Genetics 7th Edition, Robert H. Tamarin. 2002 II.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  World Federation of Hemophilia. www.wfh.org III.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hemophilia of Georgia. www.hog.org IV.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hemophilia Village. Hemophiliavillage.com

Assessing what appears to be the use of LAMP in Eduardo Gamarra’s CVA

In January 2003, Eduardo Gamarra and his research team set out to lend their professional and academic expertise in mitigating the probable causes of Bolivian conflicts through the Conflict Vulnerability Assessment or CVA of Bolivia (Gamarra, 2003, p. 1). Assessing the possible causes of conflicts in Bolivia will stop the ongoing threats to countrywide instability.The Bolivian instability may have started and peeked during the 2002 elections where parties started to clamor for position by entering into party coalitions; due to this, the majority vote that should have been echoed as the Bolivian democracy has been counterproductive to insure the satisfaction of party coalition based interests (Gamarra, 2003, p. 4). Through the CVA, Gamarra deems that it is possible to predict possible events that could turn into violent confrontations by taking into account the premises set by the present Bolivian political landscape.In relation to the main objectives of this research paper, Eduardo G amarra’s preemptive and predictive research to address future Bolivian conflicts will be assessed through the methodology that Gamarra employed in his research. As of this point, Gamarra’s CVA appears to employ predictive methodologies in its attempts to prevent the occurrence of violent confrontations in Bolivia. Furthermore, CVA appears to follow conventions of predictive research such as those prescribed in LAMP. As the center of this research paper, Lockwood Analytical Method of Prediction (LAMP) is one of the widely used predictive research methodologies (LAMP, 2010, p.n. pag. ). This methodology offers a new methodological approach from the conventional quantity based projections in predictive researches (LAMP, 2010, p. n. pag. ). LAMP can be assumed as the methodology used by Gamarra in CVA since CVA is also highly predictive in terms of its generalizations. This research paper will assess whether Gamarra’s CVA as a predictive work follows the guidelines set by LAMP. By qualifying the CVA parts and foci with the twelve steps prescribed in LAMP, this paper seeks to fulfill its objective and deems that a definitive conclusion is possible to arrive at. Gamarra as a follower of LAMP as seen in his CVATo conclusively qualify whether Gamarra used the LAMP method in writing the CVA would require the tedious work of identifying whether the part of the LAMP are present in the CVA. This task is impeded by the fact that the final format of the CVA does not have the same labels as the LAMP; at least not as blatant. However, the idea that Gamarra used the LAMP in his CVA can be seen through the parts that his CVA put so much attention on (which follows LAMP prescriptions). These parts appears to have been presented in the CVA; these parts entails almost fifty percent accordance to the prescribe methodology in LAMP.In the whole CVA, the issue that holds the most bearing is the mitigation and prevention of conflicts in Bolivia. Gamarra and his tea m was more than solid in reiterating that the CVA will focus on Bolivia as a conflict prone country. This is the reason why Gamarra and his team spent a lot of time in trying to predict the possibilities of the occurrence of conflicts. Through the extensive research facts presented in the paper, it can even be said that the whole CVA seeks to answer one primary question, â€Å"What are the probable reasons that would cause conflicts to arise in Bolivia?† The CVA tried to find the answer for this question by grouping the conflicts in Bolivia in five major classifications, institutional, economic, land, coca/cocaine, and citizen and public security (Gamarra, 2003, p. 4). In the CVA, Gamarra and his team identified two major actors that can very much affect the outcome of the conflict resolution and mitigation in Bolivia- government and opposition. The MNR or Nationalist Revolutionary Movement represents the government; while the MAS or Movimiento al Socialismo leads the opposit ion. CVA attributed that these parties are the main actors in the Bolivian politics and conflicts.Misunderstandings and apathy between these two parties can easily translate the strong political divide to violent confrontations (Gamarra, 2003, p. 4). However, the CVA did not dismiss the possibility that the 2002 elections can also improve the conflict situation through these parties (Gamarra, 2003, p. 4). The government and the opposition perceive the issues of conflict in terms of their participations on the issues. The government side pride themselves in terms of the international economic and security support it has (Gamarra, 2003, p. 6).On the other hand, the opposition takes pride in the intermediation they are able to contribute to the conflict resolution process (Gamarra, 2003, p. 6). In the CVA Gamarra and his team provided contextualizing facts that would put the MAS led opposition and MNR led government in their places in the conflict situation. This attempt can be seen wi th the graphical representation that Gamarra and his team presented to show the divided opinions of the national actors regarding the appropriate type of government in Bolivia (Gamarra, 2003, p. 14).Gamarra further contextualized the conflicts in terms of the partisan opinion in considering the plausibility of military uprising (coup d’etat) in installing new types of government that parties see as more fitting to Bolivia (Gamarra, 2003, p. 12). Even if Gamarra and his team are loyal to LAMP in these parts of CVA, there are other parts of CVA that show that the CVA was not exclusively written through LAMP. The Contradictions, Shortcomings and Disloyalties of CVA to LAMP As said earlier, the CVA appears to be written through the LAMP; this can hold for the almost fifty percent of the CVA.However, in terms of the data gathering and presentation part of the CVA Gamarra and his team took a different path apart from LAMP. This claim can be supported with the different formulation of the conflict scenarios in the CVA when compared to the LAMP. In LAMP, the permutations of the alternative futures (z) follow a strict formula XY=Z that is determined by the number of actors (x) and the numbers of major scenarios (y) (LAMP, 2010, p. n. pag. ). The formula basis of LAMP insures uniformity in terms of the numbers of scenarios that would be required in predicting through certain national actors.In the CVA there are five major scenarios provided (counter narcotics, political institutions, citizen and public security, economic arena and land ownership). Raising the two identified actors by the five major scenarios will require thirty-two scenarios. On the other hand, the CVA was only able to provide 16 scenarios under the five major scenarios. Another shortcoming of the CVA was its failure to conduct proper pair wise comparison among the scenarios; this resulted to different scenarios provided under the five major scenarios.The scenarios of citizen and public security have four scenarios as compared to the three scenarios of all of the remaining major scenarios (counter- narcotics, political institutions, economic arena and land ownership. Due to the absence of a pair wise comparing mechanism, the CVA also lacks the qualifications of probabilities that are determined through â€Å"votes† from comparing pair wise. These characteristics of the CVA deviated by twenty- five percent from the total twelve steps prescribed in LAMP.On the other hand, CVA delivered the remaining twenty-five percent of LAMP in accordance to the prescriptions of LAMP. Gamarra and his team provided the needed information to establish consequential analysis, which the step 9 of LAMP prescribed. The steps 10, 11 and 12 are also included in the CVA through the imaginative conclusion presented in the CVA. The high dependency rate of the Gamarra and his team’s conclusion with the numbers presented by the graphical representations follow the predictive nature of LAMP . Conclusion and RecommendationsTaking into account all of the investigations presented in this research paper it can be concluded that the Conflict Vulnerability Assessment of Bolivia is a hybrid research in terms of the methodologies it employed. The seventy five percent of the CVA was written in accordance with LAMP, but the twenty five percent of CVA does not coincide with the quantitative requirements of LAMP. The difference between LAMP and the methodology employed in CVA does not imply that the CVA is a failed predictive research. CVA’s use of different methods only show the flexibility that Gamarra and his team sought to establish in the CVA.Given this conclusion, this paper would recommend improvements for the two major aspects of the CVA- structure and methodology. It is recommendable that the CVA would use a paper structure or format that is more accessible in answering specific aspects of predictive research. The current arrangement of the CVA tends to make the is sue of Bolivian conflict too broad to discuss and even solve. The discussions without the recommended segmentation appear not only to be reiterating but also to be too general since the reference focal points overlap each other (as seen in the presentation of the scenarios).On the other hand, the methodology employed with the CVA appears to be improvable in terms of making the quantitative aspect of the methodology isolated and only catered as additional empirical references. A qualitative research method is probably more fitting to the undeniable culture sensitive and politics laden conflicts in Bolivia. Eduardo Gamarra and his team could have broken away from the conventions of quantitative predictive research by providing more vivid narrative accounts of the current and predicted conflict situations instead of standing on the methodological position of LAMP.The quantitative elaborateness in LAMP makes the quantitative shortcomings in CVA either half-truths or irrelevant; both pro babilities could have avoided if the CVA was treated as a qualitative research. Bibliography Gamarra, E. A. (2003). Conflict Vulnerability Assessment Bolivia. Retrieved August 5, 2010, from www. digitalcommons. flu. edu: http://digitalcommons. fiu. edu/cgi/viewcontent. cgi? article=1002&context=laccwps LAMP. (2010). The Application of LAMP. Retrieved August 5, 2010, from www. lamp-method. org: http://www. lamp-method. org/2. html

The Themes Of Allusions In Mary Shelleys Frankenstein

William James said, â€Å"When two minds of a high order, interested in kindred subjects, come together, their conversation is chiefly remarkable for the summariness of its allusions and the rapidity of its transitions. Before one of them is half through a sentence the other knows his meaning and replies. ... His mental lungs breathe more deeply, in an atmosphere more broad and vast†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Mary Shelley was a young and brilliant author and woman, who if allusionist was a career path, she’d be a trailblazer. Although she has an almost impeccable hand at allusions, why does she use them? Was it because of her youth in life as well as the world of literature? Surrounded by literature geniuses of the Romantic era, did she feel intimidated, apprehensive,†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Did I request thee, Maker, from my clay/ To mould Me man? Did I solicit thee/ From darkness to promote me?†(Milton, Lines 743-745) This is from when Adam is confronting God after Ev e and he were found having eaten the forbidden fruit. This can compare to a number of characters within Shelley’s book: Robert Walton, Victor Frankenstein, and the Creature. The way this quote relates to Robert Walton is by comparing his temptation by the possible glory and knowledge coming from finding a passage to the North Pole to that of the temptation Adam faced by the possible knowledge coming from eating the forbidden fruit. This allows the speculation that Walton’s ambitious strive for a passage to the North Pole could possibly lead to greater consequences than those formally perceived. Victor Frankenstein relates to this quote in the same similar way of temptation as Walton except his thirst for knowledge and glory is focused on the extension of mortality and human ability. This allows the reader to feel compassion for the creator. Lastly, but most obvious, is the way this quote relates to the Creature. The Creature was faced with a far more evil temptation, h e was tempted by the cruelty of mankind. This may allow the reader to feel compassion for both the Creature and, oddly, for the devil himself. Though the quote was from Adam, readers can also relate the quote to the Devil’s situation. HeShow MoreRelatedMary Shelley ´s Frankenstein; Or, the Modern Prometheus, an Analysis of the Subtitle1219 Words   |  5 Pages(Shelley 37). Ab initio Victor Frankenstein, the main protagonist, is being put on a level with Prometheus through the subtitle. An indication that Mary Shelley did indeed have the myth in mind as she wrote the novel, is not only her subtitle, but moreover the parallels between the Prometheus myth and Frankenstein, which are undeniable. The title itself gives a lot away of the story which follows. It links the modern world with the ancient Greek myth. 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Salinger and Mary Shelley prove this statement through their use of various literary devices. Key characters in both novels- Holden and the creature- learn through personal experiences that innocence cannot, in fact, be preserved forever, and they both face the reality of corruption. The use of allusions in both novels plays a big role in assisting the authors with introducing the message of innocence and corruption. The most obvious use of an allusion in