How Does Homosexuality And Heterosexuality Evolve Essay

Science is uncovered origins a lot of things over the centuries and the human created much great inventions and even explored the surface of the moon; however, one question still on everyone’s mind and science may have solved one of greatest mysteries yet which is: how did homosexuality and heterosexuality evolve? Many psychologist, biologist and scientist may agree with sexual orientation is output from a combination of biological, hormonal, environmental and emotional factors and those many factors that influence to a development of human sexual orientation. However, being homosexual or bisexual is not mentally ill or abnormal in certain ways, although sexual minority is part of social problems that makes output from misinformation or prejudicial attitude. Diversity in sexual orientation has been a subject that has been seen in different perspectives by the different people (LeVay, 2010). Today there are the homosexuals, heterosexuals and bisexuals orientated people are for ming a part of our society. This paper conduct an overall study of important and strong factors and provides accurate information and explanation for those who want to better understand development of sexual orientation. Dr. LeVay did a research and study about the brain to figure out the cause and the differences in the sexual orientation of the different people (LeVay Valente, 2006). The main focus of his study was the brain of the homosexual and heterosexual individuals. Dr. LeVey’s research wasShow MoreRelatedDiscrimination Against Gays and Lesbians in the Workplace924 Words   |  4 Pagesan advocate of equality for all. I believe that no matter your race, age, sex, or sexual orientation you should be treated fairly. My paper will provide an in depth look at this type of discrimination, the laws that protect the victims, and explain how this affects our society. Finally, I will describe the insights I have gained in researching this topic as well as pose some additional questions on the topic. Lesbians and Gay men face discrimination everyday for their choice of lifestyle choosingRead MoreWhat is Queer Theory?1029 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Queer theory does not provide a positivity, rather it is a way of producing reflection, a way of taking a stand vis à ¡ vis the authoritative standard†. This quote comes from Thomas Dowson who suggests that the queer remark makes room for reflection while it requires a reflection of ones own self as well as their own involvement. The term queer can be a quarrelsome phrase and one that is surrounded by disregard, triumph and rejection. It mainly concentrates on the imbalance between sex, gender andRead MoreGay, Straight, And The Reason About Sexual Orientation1236 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Reason Why, the result of someone s sexual orientation emerges from the prenatal sexual differentiation of the brain (LeVay 2011: 271) What LeVay means in this context is, whether a person ends up gay or straight depends in large part on how this process of biological differentiation goes forward, with the lead actors being genes, sex hormones, and the brain systems (LeVay 2011: 271). Much research, proven and theoretical, has been done on the concept of what makes people gay. ManyRead MoreSexual Orientation Is A Choice1603 Words   |  7 Pagesphilosophers have written books and conducted experiments in order to determine and justify which viewpoint is accurate. In Simone de Beauvoir’s book, The Second Sex, particularly the chapter entitled â€Å"The Lesbian†, she illustrated her assumption that homosexuality is a choice through the analysis of their benefits and the attitude directed towards lesbians. However, a majority of researchers conclude that sexual orientation is not a matter of making a decision, but rather determined by the composition ofRead MoreEffects Of Individualism On Children And Young People1494 Words   |  6 Pagesindividualism because of â€Å"individual choice and responsibi lity† Johnson et al, (2005, p. 159). Children and young people in education have a choice of which school they choose to attend (with slight parental involvement), who they socialise with, and how hard they want to work in order to achieve educationally. Education provides opportunity for children and young people to choose who they wish to be and what they want to achieve when they are older. However there is an inconsistency in the importanceRead Morehomosexuality: a mental disorder?4366 Words   |  18 Pagesï » ¿ HOMOSEXUALITY: A MENTAL DISORDER? A Term Paper Presented to Trexie O. Alawi College of Arts and Sciences SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY Tandag City, Surigao del Sur In Partial Fulfilment Of the Requirements of the Course English 102 (Writing in the Discipline): TTH 7:30 – 9:00 a.m. 2nd Semester, AY 2013-2014 By Bruce Franklyn G. Aliguay February 2014 Homosexuality: a mental disorder? Thesis Statement: People shouldRead MoreSexual Orientation, By Sarah Waters1825 Words   |  8 Pagesmost notable ways in which the struggles of these groups are documented and exemplified is through literature. Sexual orientation, and more specifically homosexuality, is a prominent point of controversy within the world of fiction writing, as well as through the nonfictional history of various societies. Sarah Waters’ Affinity is a prime example of how history and fiction can intertwine. Waters wrote this novel in the 1990’s, but set it in London during the Victorian Era. In order to create a realisticRead More Anthropology and Gender Essay1576 Words   |  7 PagesDavid Valentine’s work focused on gender identity, using sexual desire to illustrate that our well-known classifications of sex and gender may be too rigid to encompass the variety of identities with which humans relate. The labels we use, heterosexuality, homosexuality, and bisexuality can be compli cated by â€Å"non-Western sexual practices and desires† (2011:424). Valentine asserts that anthropologists in the past have naively assumed to know the all-encompassing definitions of the prevalent gender identitiesRead MoreSmugging in the Square: Homosexuality as a Literary Device in James Joyces A Portrait of an Artist as a Young Man.3689 Words   |  15 Pagesof Stephan himself, I will argue that Stephan Dedalus rejects his heterosexuality in favor of homosexuality so that he may eventually find himself. Dedalus’s character must inherently be homosexual in able for his story to progress believably. Joyce conceives his character, a hero in fact, in a moment of genius. A hero must have a fatal flaw. I wish to clarify Joyce’s work and explain how homosexuality IS present in Portrait and does work in creating a hero. Stephan rejects possible companion afterRead MoreGay, Gay And Lesbian1816 Words   |  8 Pagesnoting or relating to a person who does not conform to a normative sexual orientation or gender identity. The concept of gay photography is enigmatic. While a person can be described as homosexuals by sexual preference or gay consciousness, an inanimate object such as a photograph cannot. I will be exploring how gay and lesbian themes are influencing photography though looking at pinnacle photographers at the for front of the early years of queer photography and how they shaped the future and made that

The Oklahoma City Bombing, 1995

At 9:02 a.m. on April 19, 1995, a 5,000-pound bomb, hidden inside a rented Ryder truck, exploded just outside the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City. The explosion caused massive damage to the building and killed 168 people, 19 of whom were children. Those responsible for what became known as the Oklahoma City Bombing were home-grown terrorists, Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols. This deadly bombing was the worst terrorist attack on U.S. soil until the September 11, 2001 World Trade Center attack. Why Did McVeigh Plant the Bomb? On April 19, 1993, the standoff between the FBI and the Branch Davidian cult (led by David Koresh) at the Davidian compound in Waco, Texas ended in a fiery tragedy. When the FBI tried to end the standoff by gassing the complex, the entire compound went up in fire, claiming the lives of 75 followers, including many young children. The death toll was high and many people blamed the U.S. government for the tragedy. One such person was Timothy McVeigh. McVeigh, angered by the Waco tragedy, decided to enact retribution to those he felt responsible—the federal government, especially the FBI and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF). In downtown Oklahoma City, the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building held numerous federal agency offices, including those of the ATF. Preparing for the Attack Planning his revenge for the second anniversary of the Waco disaster, McVeigh enlisted his friend Terry Nichols and several others to help him pull off his plan. In September 1994, McVeigh purchased large amounts of fertilizer (ammonium nitrate) and then stored it in a rented shed in Herington, Kansas. The ammonium nitrate was the main ingredient for the bomb. McVeigh and Nichols stole other supplies needed to complete the bomb from a quarry in Marion, Kansas. On April 17, 1995, McVeigh rented a Ryder truck and then McVeigh and Nichols loaded the Ryder truck with approximately 5,000 pounds of ammonium nitrate fertilizer. On the morning of April 19th, McVeigh drove the Ryder truck to the Murrah Federal Building, lit the bombs fuse, parked in front of the building, left the keys inside the truck and locked the door, then walked across the parking lot to an alley. He then started to jog. The Explosion at the Murrah Federal Building On the morning of April 19, 1995, most employees of the Murrah Federal Building had already arrived at work and children had already been dropped off at the daycare center when the huge explosion tore through the building at 9:02 a.m. Nearly the entire north face of the nine-story building was pulverized into dust and rubble. It took weeks of sorting through debris to find the victims. In all, 168 people were killed in the explosion, which included 19 children. One nurse was also killed during the rescue operation. Capturing Those Responsible Ninety minutes after the explosion, McVeigh was pulled over by a highway patrol officer for driving without a license plate. When the officer discovered that McVeigh had an unregistered gun, the officer arrested McVeigh on a firearms charge. Before McVeigh was released, his ties to the explosion were discovered. Unfortunately for McVeigh, almost all his purchases and rental agreements related to the bombing could be traced back to him after the explosion. On June 3, 1997, McVeigh was convicted of murder and conspiracy and on August 15, 1997, he was sentenced to death by lethal injection. On June 11, 2001, McVeigh was executed. Terry Nichols was brought in for questioning two days after the blast and then arrested for his role in McVeighs plan. On December 24, 1997, a federal jury found Nichols guilty and on June 5, 1998, Nichols was sentenced to life in prison. In March 2004, Nichols went on trial for murder charges by the state of Oklahoma. He was found guilty of 161 counts of murder and sentenced to 161 consecutive life sentences. A third accomplice, Michael Fortier, who testified against McVeigh and Nichols, received a 12-year prison sentence and was fined $200,000 on May 27, 1998, for knowing about the plan but not informing authorities before the explosion. A Memorial What little remained of the Murrah Federal Building was demolished on May 23, 1995. In 2000, a memorial was built on the location to remember the tragedy of the Oklahoma City Bombing.

Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown - The Puritans and Love...

Young Goodman Brown:nbsp; The Puritans and Lovenbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Hawthorne’snbsp; â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†, exposes the puritan view of love and relationships. In theory, these two visions are diametrically opposed. One exalts love as a physical manifestation between two individuals (although it also claims to represent higher ideals), the other sees it as a spiritual need, one best manifested by attachment to God. In fact, the puritans did not see love as a good thing, but rather as an evil, a grim necessity, that is, they saw physical love (between a man and a woman, or sexuality and all it carries with it) as such. The emotional turmoil affecting Goodman Brown†¦show more content†¦nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;This puritan notion eclipses the New Testaments message of redemption that we have been forgiven for Adams fault, through Jesus sacrifice. Instead, it clings to that original notion of impurity, of a stain on all men and women. It also clings to the fact that since women are the root of all evil, they should be especially feared. A man should not love his wife, or else face the consequences of the wrath of God. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;If women are evil, and sex is evil, then men cannot in good conscience be with women, yet they must, for how else will the race continue? Puritanism condemns men to a constant state of uncertainty on their actions. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Goodman Brown is no exception, in fact, he seems to be the rule. He is recently married to a woman ironically named Faith, whom he loves dearly. He seems happily married, and yet, there is something odd with him at the start of the story. We sense he is a troubled man, and the source of his worries seem to be his wife. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;â€Å"What a wretch am I, to leave her on such an errand! [...] Methought, as she spoke, there was trouble in her face, as if a dream had warned her what work is to be done to-night. But no, no! t would kill her to think it.† nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;He sets off on a journey into the woods, where he encounters the devil, and many people from hisShow MoreRelated Morality and Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Essay1146 Words   |  5 PagesYoung Goodman Brown was published in 1835, when Nathaniel Hawthorne was 31 years old. Hawthorne was born and reared in Salem, Massachusetts, a village still permeated by its 17th century Puritanism. When he was four, Hawthornes father   died, and from that point on he was surrounded mostly by females: two sisters, a maiden aunt, and a retiring mother who was not close to her children. He had little contact with his deceased fathers family, but his maternal relatives were supportive and saw toRead More Hawthornes Puritanical Beliefs Revealed in The Scarlett Letter and Young Goodman Brown1739 Words   |  7 PagesHawthornes Puritanical Beliefs Revealed in The Scarlett Letter and Young Goodman Brown When an author depicts a person or group of people in his or her work, the opinion of the writer most often sifts into the descriptions, whether intentionally or unintentionally. Some writers are very guarded regarding their feelings toward any particular subject, while others are very open and happy to share. Nathaniel Hawthorne belongs to the latter group. The purpose of the majority of his literary workRead MoreThe Theme Of Faith In Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown945 Words   |  4 PagesHawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†, is a coming of age story of saints and sinners. Goodman Brown, our main character and narrator, leads us through his experience of the forest and the temptations to give into sin. Yet, it seems he is the most affected within this journey, by his wife of 3 months—Faith. Faith, as well as the puritan society’s as a whole—is represented as innocence and pure. As the story progresses any reader can conclude that not one member of the puritan society is untainted fromRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne979 Words   |  4 Pageswell-known dark romanticist and author of â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† and â€Å"The Scarlet Letter,† displays a love for story and symbols. Goodman Brown in â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† chooses to question his faith and sells himself out of everyone because he does not believe in anyone. Whereas Hester in â€Å"The Scarlet Letter,† was thrown away from everyone because of her actions. Hawthorne’s usage of light and dark imagery in both, â€Å"The Scarlet Letter,† and â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† represents good and evil, and the difficultyRead MoreThe 200 Year Old Man1167 Words   |  5 PagesMaintained a 17th Century Puritan Allegory Nathaniel Hawthorne, born â€Å"Nathaniel Hathorne† until he added a â€Å"w† to his birth name years later, was a prominent American Novelist that lived during the 19th century. Hawthorne was considered a dark romantic, and often â€Å"undertook the mission of exploring the darker side of humanity† in his short stories and novels. (Wright 3) Hawthorne descended from an ancestry tracing back many generations full of devout Puritans. Puritans maintained a unique perceptionRead MoreAnalysis of Nathaniel Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown a Story708 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Young Goodman Brown (Order #A2103550) Christs death and resurrection can be considered only the beginning of his ministry for afterward he instructed his remaining apostles to go therefore and make disciples of all the nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit. (Mt 28:16-20 [New King James Version]) Sixteen centuries later a group of Christians called Puritans would attempt to fulfill this Great Commission by spreading the good news of Christ andRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter1631 Words   |  7 Pagesaround the Puritan society. The Puritans were very stringent in the way they dealt with rules and ways of life, and Hawthorne does an exceptional job depicting the Puritan lifestyle through his stories. Though many principles from Puritan society has made its way to form the present day American society, Hawthorne might disagree and did not believe that the good attributes originated from Puritan ways. Nathaniel Hawthorne, through the works of his The Scarlet Letter and â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†, illustratesRead MoreThe Use of Color Symbolism by Nathaniel Hawthorne Essay1024 Words   |  5 Pagesutilize so much symbolism that it captivates the reader to the extent of paralleling the tale with their own life? The principle of symbolism is quite evident in the story by Nathaniel Hawthorne, â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†. Nathaniel Hawthorn’s work is immersed with symbolism with most of it deriving from his Puritan beliefs. The themes of sin, guilt, innocence, and lust come forth through the uses of color symbolism as well as visual clues. All of these things are dealt with in everyday life in modern AmericaRead MoreSin in Nathaniel Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Essay2433 Words   |  10 Pages    Puritan doctrine taught that all men are totally depraved. And the young Puritan Goodman Brown accepted this principle, after his in-the-woods experience, as applying not only to the Salem village rank-and-file but even to his faultless wife Faith. Is this notion of sin correct? This essay seeks to compare this moral depravity doctrine of the Puritans as seen in â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† to the Catholic Church’s teaching on sin, a recognized standard. The influence of Puritan religion, cultureRead MoreComparison of the Young Goodman Brown and the Rocking-Horse Wimmer812 Words   |  4 PagesSetting and Symbolism in The Young Goodman Brown and The Rocking-Horse Winner The battle between good and evil is as old as Satan’s rebellion against God and his being cast from heaven with his fellow fallen angels that the Bible tells about in the Book of Revelation chapter 12, verses 7-12. Writers of fiction have been using this struggle for just about that long. The short stories The Young Goodman Brown by Nathaniel Hawthorne, and D.H. Lawrence’s The Rocking-Horse Winner illustrate the battle

A Brief Note On Diabetic Ketoacidosis A Potentially Life...

Reflection Paper: DKA Simulation Pathophysiology Diabetic ketoacidosis is a potentially life threatening complication found patient who have diabetes mellitus.. Most often DKA, is the first presenting symptom in undiagnosed diabetics, illness in diabetics, and/or poor compliance with insulin therapy. Diabetic Ketoacidosis Is an event marked by shortage of insulin production, thus the body breaks down fat into ketone bodies to compensate for needed energy production. The lack of insulin is compensated with increased glucagon levels from the liver, osmotic diuresis occurs in which high glucose levels are excreted thought the kidneys leading to polyuria, dehydration, and polydipsia. The ketone bodies cause the body to become acidotic, the bicarbonate buffering system become overworked and hyperventilation (Kussmaul respirations), this allows carbon dioxide to be released. This is when symptoms become apparent, most often the patient will have vomiting, confusion, polyphagia, polydipsia, polyuria, hyperventilation, abdominal pain, frui ty breath and occasionally coma. DKA is diagnosed by blood and urine test. The blood test will show an elevated Hemoglobin A1c; metabolic acidosis: plasma pH under 7.35, plasma bicarbonate under 15 mEq/L, elevated blood sugar above 250 mg/dL, abnormal sodium, chloride levels, hyperkalemia. Urine test will show elevated ketones, and glucose. Diagnosis/Interventions Ïâ€" Deficient fluid volume related to osmotic diuresis due to hyperglycemia  ¬

Disney s Organizational Structure Of Mgm - 1705 Words

MGM Resorts International is a publicly traded company viewed as a front runner in the entertainment and hospitality industry. MGM owns fourteen properties, employs 62,000 individuals, making them Nevada’s largest public employer, and creates over ten billion dollars in sales and revenues each year. The organizational structure of MGM is similar to that of any other large company, consisting of a Chief Executive Officer, Chief Operating Officer, Chief Financial Officer, President, and countless vice presidents and directors of various specialized departments within the organization. The difference in this organization and many others lies within its organizational structure, behaviors, and practices. While it’s easy to discount the company generally associated with Sin City, it cannot be overlooked that the company has remained successful by adhering to its missions and values, fostering growth and development through the years, engaging employees, and most importantly, creating an experience for the millions of customers visiting every year. An organization as large and prominent as MGM consists of many leaders and managers with individual roles and skills. MGM’s current CEO, James Murren, joined the MGM family as a CFO in 1998, and through his innovative ideas and leadership, he was appointed to CEO of the company in 2008. James has taken on many roles as CEO of the company, including interpersonal roles in motivating and leading employees, acting as spokespersonShow MoreRelatedDisney Organizational Behavior Essay2561 Words   |  11 PagesDisney Organizational Behavior i Disney Organizational Behavior Axia College of the University of Phoenix MGT 245/Organizational Theory Behavior Bonetta Mozingo September 14, 2008 Disney Organizational Behavior 1 Walt Disney once said, â€Å"You can dream, create, design and build the most wonderful place in the world, but it requires people to make the dream a reality.† He realized early that the only way his company would be successful, and he couldRead MoreResources Capabilities20336 Words   |  82 Pagescompetitive edge that can be sustained over time. —HIROYUKI ITAMI, MOBILIZING INVISIBLE ASSETS You’ve gotta do what you do well. —LUCINO NOTO, FORMER VICE CHAIRMAN, EXXON MOBIL OUTLINE l Introduction and Objectives l The Role of Resources and l Organizational Capabilities Classifying Capabilities The Architecture of Capability l Appraising Resources and Capabilities Establishing Competitive Advantage Sustaining Competitive Advantage Appropriating the Returns to Competitive Advantage l Putting ResourceRead MoreThe Walt Disney Company and Disney Management25371 Words   |  102 Pagesopened its doors to European visitors. Located by the river Marne some 20 miles east of Paris, it was designed to be the biggest and most lavish theme park that Walt Disney Company (Disney) had built to date—bigger than Disneyland in Anaheim, California; Disneyworld in Orlando, Florida; and Tokyo Disneyland in Japan. Much to Disney management’s surprise, Europeans failed to â€Å"go goofy† over Mickey, unlike their Japanese counterparts. Between 1990 and early 1992, some 14 million people had visitedRead MoreWal-mart case analysis. This paper includes SWOT/TOWS anal ysis, PEST analysis, environemental scan and strategic analysis.5493 Words   |  22 PagesCommitting to grow by raising the standard of living for their customers throughout the world. Ø Providing a broad assortment of quality merchandise and services at Every Day Low Prices (EDLP) pricing strategy. Ø Committing to place a lot of emphasis on it s customers ( what they want, when they want it and at what value...) Ø Fostering a culture that rewards and embraces mutual respect, integrity and diversity. Ø Building mutually profitable relationship with suppliers. Ø Continuing to expand nationallyRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 Pagescontribute to this volume to recognize Michael’s contributions to academic accounting. I am honoured to join them. Anthony G. Hopwood University of Oxford December 2005 PREFACE ‘ A multitude of forces shape management accounting. From an organizational perspective, decision-makers and other users of accounting information often perceive changes in their information needs. Consequently, providers of accounting information within organizations respond to many of these desired changes by redesigningRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesOrganizational Behavior This page intentionally left blank Organizational Behavior EDITION 15 Stephen P. Robbins —San Diego State University Timothy A. Judge —University of Notre Dame i3iEi35Bj! Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Director of Editorial Services:Read MoreComment on How Changes in Macro and Market Environment Forces Impact on the Level of Competition in an Industry.18606 Words   |  75 PagesPART 2 Marketing Analysis 3 4 5 6 7 8 The marketing environment Understanding consumer behaviour Understanding organizational buying behaviour Understanding marketing ethics and corporate social responsibility Marketing research and information systems Market segmentation and positioning 72 108 145 180 216 259 CHAPTER â€Å" Change is the only constant. 3 1 2 3 4 5 A. TOFFLER † The marketing environment LEARNING OBJECTIVES After reading this chapter, you should be able to: describeRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pagesvendor selection (.3.4.5) 11.2.2.6 SWAT analysis 6.5.2.7 Schedule compression 9.4.2.5 Leadership skills G.1 Project leadership 10.1 Stakeholder management Chapter 11 Teams Chapter 3 Organization: Structure and Culture 2.4.1 Organization cultures [G.7] 2.4.2 Organization structure [9.1.3] 9.1.1 Organization charts 1.4.4 Project offices Chapter 4 9.2 Building the team (.1.3) [3.5.3] [App G.2 Building teams] 9.4 Managing the team 9.3.2 Team building activities 9.2.4 Virtual teamsRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 PagesST Electronics – total quality management for business excellence. Sony (A) – a diverse hi-tech multinational responds to change with repeated reorganisations. Arts Council – changes in structure and responsibilities in funding the arts in the UK. 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Practice In The Business In Stock Market †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Practice In The Business In Stock Market? Answer: Introduction The purpose of this report is to shed light on the activities like inside treading and various types of techniques for gathering non-public information of various organizations. Using the information some officials take advantage and make huge profits by investing in the stocks of those organizations (Nunan and Yenicioglu 2013). It is seen that some organizations has earned up to 100,000 million dollars overnight by investing money based on the non-public information they have gathered. These practices need to be stopped immediately and the governmental authority needs to amend some rules and regulations to prevent these types of activities. The report further highlights the factors like how people gather this non-public information, what is insider trading and whether punishment of several individuals would stop this type of malpractices or not. Information gathering techniques Gathering information and various techniques related to gathering information is a common practice in Wall Street. Business personnel at Wall Street are actually in business with intent to make money (Allan et al. 2012). The investors can fetch non-public information from the chief financial officers of various organizations and that would be something illegal. Else, the investor can develop his own prediction by piecing together small parts of information from the suppliers of the organization and from the former workers of the companies and from various other sources. It is seen that the prosecution of Rajaratnam and some others gave a pause to the hedge funds regarding their techniques to gather information. It can be said that insider trading is illegal, but in some cases, business personnel gets greedy and they does take steps due to their egoism (Jayaraman 2012). In some cases, these people lose control on their thinking capability and cannot decide what is right and what is wr ong. The egoists think that they should take decisions that would maximize their interests and undoubtedly, the insider trading and other organized crime would continue to grow and people would think and invent more clever paths to get away with those criminal acts (Allan et al. 2012). To stop and reduce this kind of practices, the government needs to implement strict asking the organizations to have robust compliance, supervisory, surveillance and control measures in place to identify illegal insider trading. Insider trading Insider trading can be referred to as a trading of public organizations stock or other bonds by people those have access to non-public information about those organizations. In many nations around the world, kinds of trading based on insider information is illegal and punishable offence, as they see it as an unfair act towards other individuals or investors who does not have those kinds of information (Beneish, Press and Vargus 2012). On the other hand, the investor, who has the insider information, can potentially make huge profits using that information. It is a matter of fact that, insider trading increases the cost of capital for the issuers of securities, and that decreases the economic growth (Allan et al. 2012). It is seen that, some economists want that insider marketing should be legalized for the benefits of the society. It is a matter of fact that, trading by some insiders, or employees is widely accepted as long as does not rely on the material information not in the publ ic domain. Various jurisdictions require that such trading should be reported for the monitoring of the transactions. In the land of United States and in many other nations trading conducted by corporate organizations, key employees or stockholders must be reported to the regulator or should be publicly disclosed within some days interval. In this type of cases, it is generally seen that, the insiders need to file Form 4 under United States Security and Exchange Commission while purchasing or selling stocks of their own organizations. The rules and regulations governing insider trading are complicated and significantly vary from country to country. Under one jurisdiction the definition of insider trading might be broad and may not cover not only the insiders but also any individuals related to those insiders, for an example the brokers, various associates and in some cases even family members. An individual who gathers the non-public information and trades based on that information might get charged as guilty (Augustin, Brenner and Subrahmanyam 2015). In United States of America and some other nations amended rules stating the insider traders criminals. In United States, Sections 16B and 10B of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is directly related to insider training. The congress of United States enacted this law after the crash of stock market in the year of 1929. In United States, for optional reporting purposes the corporate insiders are mostly defined as the companys officers, beneficial owners and directors in more than 10% of a class of the organizations equity securities. The trades made by these types of insiders within the organizations own stock, based on the non-public information, in most cases considered as fraudulent, as the insiders are violating the judiciary duty that they owe to the stockholders (Allan et al. 2012). The corporate insider, by accepting employment has to undertake a legal obligation to the stockholders to put the shareholders interests before their own, in some cases related to the corporation. Whenever the insiders buy and sell based on the organizations owned information, then they are violating the obligations they have towards the stockholders. For n example, it can be said that, illegal insider trading can occur if the chief executive officer of a company learns that the organization would be taken over and then buys shares of that organization, knowing that the prices of those shares would rise (Frey, Stemle and Glaznieks 2014). In America, insiders are not only limited to corporate officials and major stockholders, where the illegal insider trading is concerned but can involve any person who trades stocks based on material non-public information violating duty of trust. For an example, it can be said that in various jurisdiction, where a corporate insider give tips to a friend about non-public information, are most likely to have an effect on the share price of the organization. The duty that the corporate insiders owe towards the organizations is now imputed to the friend, and the friend violates a duty to the organization if he trades based on the information he got. In United States, not all the trading based on non-public information can be said is illegal insider trading. As if a person in a public place overhears a conversation of a CEO of a company about their recent profits, and the person invests money in the shares of that organization, it would not be counted as an illegal act (Dierkes et al. 2013). It is a matter of fact that punishment for insider training is dependent on various factors. There are three main factors and those are, scope, evidence and gain. How many persons the wrongdoing is affecting is the scope. How much profit did the insider make by the transaction can be said as a gain (Frey, Stemle and Glaznieks 2014). Finally, anyone who is charged of insider trading is innocent until the individual is proven guilty. In United States of America, in addition to the civil penalties, the inside trader might also be a subject to criminal prosecution for fraudulent activities where the SEC regulations are violated, the US Department of Justice might call to conduct an independent investigation in parallel. Then if the department of justice finds something to be concerned of, they might file criminal charges. United States insider trading prohibitions are generally based on English and American common law prohibitions against fraudulent activities. On the year of 1909, before the passing of Securities Exchange Act, United States supreme court stated that a corporate leader who bought any organizations shares knowing that the prices would increase can be accounted as fraudulent act as he did not disclose his inside information (Dierkes et al. 2013). The section 15 of the Securities Act of 1933 contains prohibitions of fraud in the sale of securities, which were strengthened by Securities Exchange Act 1934. Again section 16B of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 forbids short swing profits made by the directors of corporate of organizations, officers or any stockholders who owns more than 10% of the shares of an organization (Frey, Stemle and Glaznieks 2014). Thus, it can be said that insider trading is in general illegal but in some cases it can be seen as legal dealings, although in most cases it is seen that various types of illegal activities are done under the light of insider trading. Conviction of Rajaratnam deter other investors to gather non-public information From profound and decisive analysis of the case study, it can be stated that the investigation and conviction of Rajaratnam would not deter the fund managers from sharing non -public information. The strong reason that can be cited in this regard is that there have been multiple numbers of trade frauds within the organizations that were not disclosed properly due to lack of proper investigation. However, there has been proper understanding of the cases where the trade frauds were addressed with proper business license. In fact, the number of insider trade fraud has been rising in a rapid pace thus creating a hole within the conviction process where the organizations are observed to have been losing the criteria of being trusted in the international market. Moreover, there has been a continuous threat for the organizations where they were highly threatened by continuous fraudulent activities in front of the vigilance. As a matter of fact, this has been taken into consideration that in most of the cases the basic idea remained persistent in terms of addressing to the frauds with proper measure. Else, the investor can develop his own prediction by piecing together small parts of information from the suppliers of the organization and from the former workers of the companies and from various other sources. It is seen that the prosecution of Rajaratnam and some others gave a pause to the hedge funds regarding their techniques to gather information. It can be said that insider trading is illegal, but in some cases, business personnel gets greedy and they does take steps due to their egoism (Jayaraman 2012). In some cases, these people lose control on their thinking capability and cannot decide what is right and what is wrong As a corrective measure, the insiders who are associated with accounting process would try to investigate- within the organization; and shortlist the other frauds- major or minor who have been turbulent in the money laundering process. Since there has been a proper understanding of the process pertaining to the effective understanding that was highly in the formation of the case would focus on the basic understanding of the huge concept within the society and the business market. In this case, the further investigation process would be focusing on the actuality or genuineness of workers who are closely associated with the accounts department. Two possible chances would create many opportunities for the fund managers to look into the matter. First, the managers would create a trusted circle of the employees. As a matter of fact, this would focus on the clear understanding of the process pertaining to the effective consideration of the trusted circle. With the effective measure this wo uld focus on the actuality of how the trusted circle is addressed during post-trauma period. Undoubted more stringent vigilance would be placed upon the entire case pertaining to the effective measures to restrict further fraudulent activities. Since this has been taken in to certain consideration that more stringent action is needed for the vigilance of the accounts and the fund, the fund managers, according to my own view, would look forward to recruiting fresh candidates. In order to influence upon the structure of infraction policies of the organization the managers would focus on various angles. The multidimensional approach to find out the basic understanding of the cases would be taken into certain consideration. Infringement of law or the organizational agreement would purpose to the service of transparent activity of the national law. The organizational policy would definitely focus on the adherence to the national law without a single diversion. In this case, it can be tak en into certain consideration pertaining to the effective understanding of the policies pertaining to the effective chance where in most of the cases, the law would be focused through the eyes of organizational transparency. I do not think that it would not have the possibility to deter any sort of infraction from being taken place. Since this would focus on the actual understanding of the process pertaining to the effective chance where the law and the organizational policies would create a stronger base for restricting and challenging further fraudulent activities in relation with money, behaviour or other ethical activities, the fund managers would incur more stringent policies, in association with, the newly formed body. In this case, this would undoubtedly provide the organization with a clear scope to fight the frauds who still exist without being recognized. Provision of corporate insider training would focus on the effective understanding of the organizational policies where this would be focusing on the actuality of the forces within the frame that is constructed in adherence to US organizational law framework. However, the nature in the form of infraction would be addressed since there is a sheer need to maintain a close observation and attention of the surroundings. As a matter of fact, this would be targeting the basic understanding of the policies with the effective nature where this would somehow address the greater number of the law firms. Conclusion: From the discussion cited above it can be stated that the organizational law is always structured with the basic understanding of the policies in adherence to the national framework. In this context, it has been taken into certain consideration pertaining to the effective nature of the cases where the law is highly addressed by the stringent policies. With the effective nature of the law, there has been a thorough understanding pertaining to the effective nature of the organization pertaining to the methods to fight the frauds. References Agrawal, A. and Cooper, T., 2015. Insider trading before accounting scandals.Journal of Corporate Finance,34, pp.169-190. Allan, J., Croft, B., Moffat, A. and Sanderson, M., 2012, May. Frontiers, challenges, and opportunities for information retrieval: Report from SWIRL 2012 the second strategic workshop on information retrieval in Lorne. InACM SIGIR Forum(Vol. 46, No. 1, pp. 2-32). ACM. Augustin, P., Brenner, M. and Subrahmanyam, M.G., 2015. Informed options trading prior to MA announcements: Insider trading?. Beneish, M.D., Press, E. and Vargus, M.E., 2012. Insider trading and earnings management in distressed firms.Contemporary Accounting Research,29(1), pp.191-220. Beneish, M.D., Press, E. and Vargus, M.E., 2012. Insider trading and earnings management in distressed firms.Contemporary Accounting Research,29(1), pp.191-220. Dierkes, M., Erner, C., Langer, T. and Norden, L., 2013. Business credit information sharing and default risk of private firms.Journal of Banking Finance,37(8), pp.2867-2878. Frey, J.C., Stemle, E.W. and Glaznieks, A., 2014. Collecting language data of non-public social media profiles. InWorkshop Proceedings of the 12th Edition of the KONVENS Conference(pp. 11-15). Jayaraman, S., 2012. The effect of enforcement on timely loss recognition: Evidence from insider trading laws.Journal of Accounting and Economics,53(1), pp.77-97. Kim, S.H., 2012. The Last Temptation of Congress: Legislator Insider Trading and the Fiduciary Norm Against Corruption.Cornell L. Rev.,98, p.845. Nunan, D. and Yenicioglu, B., 2013. Informed, uninformed and participative consent in social media research.International Journal of Market Research,55(6), pp.791-808.

Network Needs For Data Communication Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Network Needs For Data Communication. Answer: Importance of Physical layer: The physical layer refers to the first layer of the Open System Interconnection Modelor the OSI model. The bit-level transmission is managed in this layer. Transmission between physical devices is controlled by this layer. The mechanical or electrical interface that is needed for the communication between the communicating devices is also provided by this layer (Chen et al. 2015). The layer is responsible for dealing with the various physical connections that the network needs for data communication. It includes the wireless transmission, cabling standards, various types of connectors, interface cards and many more as needed by the network (Goseling, Gastpar and Weber 2015). Error free communication: The data that hardware devices generate are optimized by the layer to make it suitable for digital communication. Without the optimization the data will communication may not be effective due to discrete timing over the network. This optimization of data timing to make it suitable for the transmissions makes the communication error free. The optimization is done using the line coding technique (Zou et al. 2015). The layer also allows for interleaving of bits which helps to improve the error correction. Robust communication: The layer helps to detect the carrier collision. It can sense if there are sufficient carrier is available for data communications and this helps to avoid carrier congestion created due to the data packets undelivered for unavailability of data carriers and thus ensures robust communication (Kapetanovic, Zheng and Rusek 2015). Reliable communication: The layer with the help of Signal equalization and multiplexing technique helps in ensuring reliable communication (Mukherjee et al. 2014). Importance of Data-Link layer: The data link layer is the second layer in the seven layer OSI model. It helps to connect two nodes that are involved in the data communication. The connection is made using the logical link. The link that is established between the nodes is also terminated by the layer once the communication is completed (Marquardt 2017). Ease of communication: The layer provides end-to-end message delivery with proper acknowledgement of message delivery, thus ensures ease of communication (Cui , Yu and Yan 2016). Error free communication: In order to ensure error free transmission the layer control the traffic generated by the data frame. It communicate with the transmission node for telling it to back -off when there is no availability of buffer message (Kizza 2017). Robust communication: The layer helps in detecting the any errors occurred in the physical layers and based on that the errors are acknowledged and again retransmitted by rectifying the errors and making necessary correction. Thus ensures error free and robust communication (Ding and Jiang 2016). Importance for lower layers: The data link layer helps in error-free data transmission between the nodes with proper control over the physical layer that resides bellow the data link layer in the OSI model. The error free transmission helps layers above it in assuming transmission which is virtually error free (Zafar and Ejaz 2016). Importance of internet layers: The internet layer lies above the physical and data link layer. The layer plays an important role in data communication and also helps in managing the layers below it (Blekneni et al. 2016). Error free communication: The layer helps in controlling the subnet traffic. Whenever the any router in this layer exceeds the buffer limit the layer sends an instruction to the transmission station to hold on the transmission to avoid error in data communication (Qadir et al. 2015). Robust communication: The layer allows for frame fragmentation that helps in determining the maximum transmission unitor the MTU for the router that is used for the downstream communication. It checks if the data fragment size is less or greater than the transmission unit size. In case the fragment size is greater than the transmission unit size, then fragmentation is done on the data frame and at the time of receiving the data at the destination site the data is again reassembled to keep the data integrity and robustness of the system (Kalakech 2016). Importance for lower layers: The network layer control how the subnet will operate. It decides the allocation of the physical path for the data communication to take place to facilitate the network conditions and the service priority. The data link layer acts as an interface between the physical layer and network layer (Garman and Sherman 2015). The data link layer with the help of the network layer helps for smooth operation of the physical layer by proper resource allocation of the physical layer entities allowing for robust and error free execution of the physical layer components with proper resource management Drills: a) Boolean operation on bit patterns: not 0010111000101100 : 1101000111010011 0010111000101100 or 1110000011100001: 1110111011101100 iii. 0010111000101100 and 1110000011100001: 10000000100000 1100111000111011 and 0110111100011100: 100111000011000 b) What are the subnet masks for the following slash address blocks Slash address blocks Subnet masks /8 255.0.0.0 /15 255.254.0.0 c) Address mask validity and slash forms for the correct address masks: Address masks validity Slash forms i) 255.255.248.0 valid /21 ii) 255.224.252.0 Not valid NA iii) 255.255.255.224 valid /27 iv) 255.255.156.0 Not valid NA The criteria of a valid subnet mask is that when it is converted to binary the binary equivalent have to consists of only consecutive 1's and then 0's, but no intermittent mixing is allowed. The binary equivalent of the address mask 255.224.252.0 is 11111111.11100000. 11111100. 00000000 which is not valid according to the above mentioned criteria. The binary equivalent of the address mask 255.255.156.0 is 11111111. 11111111. 10011100.00000000 which is also not valid. d) Number of hosts in the following address blocks: Address blocks Number of hosts /13 524272 /26 62 Controlled access and contention-based access to a physical medium : Controlled access grant permission to the transmitting stations to enable it for communication. Only that station granted for permission will be allowed to send data node in the communication. This helps to control the traffic and collision of message is also avoided in this way (Thilina et al. 2015). Contention refers to media access method that is used for sending broadcasting medium. In this method any transmitting station can send data at any time. However, this might create collision in the network. In order to avoid the collision carrier sensing mechanism is used. References: Belkneni, M., Bennani, M.T., Ahmed, S.B. and Kalakech, A., 2016, October. Network Layer Benchmarking: Investigation of AODV Dependability. InInternational Symposium on Computer and Information Sciences(pp. 225-232). Springer, Cham. Chen, G., Gong, Y., Xiao, P. and Chambers, J.A., 2015. Physical layer network security in the full-duplex relay system.IEEE transactions on information forensics and security,10(3), pp.574-583. Cui, L., Yu, F.R. and Yan, Q., 2016. When big data meets software-defined networking: SDN for big data and big data for SDN.IEEE network,30(1), pp.58-65. Ding, R. and Jiang, H., 2016. Simulation of data-link networks used in cooperative terminal guidance. InElectronics, Electrical Engineering and Information Science: Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Information Science (EEEIS2015)(pp. 504-511). Garman, S. and Sherman, R., 2015. Automation at the Network Layer. Goseling, J., Gastpar, M. and Weber, J.H., 2015. Random access with physical-layer network coding.IEEE Transactions on Information Theory,61(7), pp.3670-3681. Kalakech, A., 2016, September. Network Layer Benchmarking: Investigation of AODV Dependability. InComputer and Information Sciences: 31st International Symposium, ISCIS 2016, Krakw, Poland, October 2728, 2016, Proceedings(Vol. 659, p. 225). Springer. Kapetanovic, D., Zheng, G. and Rusek, F., 2015. Physical layer security for massive MIMO: An overview on passive eavesdropping and active attacks.IEEE Communications Magazine,53(6), pp.21-27. Kizza, J.M., 2017.Guide to computer network security. Springer. Marquardt, R.R., 2017. Data Link Layer Trust Signaling in Communication Network.filed Jul,11. Mukherjee, A., Fakoorian, S.A.A., Huang, J. and Swindlehurst, A.L., 2014. Principles of physical layer security in multiuser wireless networks: A survey.IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials,16(3), pp.1550-1573. Qadir, J., Ali, A., Yau, K.L.A., Sathiaseelan, A. and Crowcroft, J., 2015. Exploiting the power of multiplicity: a holistic survey of network-layer multipath.IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials,17(4), pp.2176-2213. Thilina, K.M., Tabassum, H., Hossain, E. and Kim, D.I., 2015. Medium access control design for full duplex wireless systems: challenges and approaches.IEEE Communications Magazine,53(5), pp.112-120. Zafar, S. and Ejaz, U., 2016. SCTP-aware Link Layer Retransmission Mechanism for Smart-grid Communication Network.Engineering, Technology Applied Science Research,6(4), pp.1093-1098. Zou, Y., Zhu, J., Wang, X. and Leung, V.C., 2015. Improving physical-layer security in wireless communications using diversity techniques.IEEE Network,29(1), pp.42-48.